Nuisance – Unreasonable Interference with Use and Enjoyment of your Property
11 December 2024

A legal nuisance refers to a situation where an individual or entity engages in activities or behaviours that interfere with the use and enjoyment of another person's property or their right to live in a peaceful and healthy environment. The action for private nuisance protects a person’s right to the “use or enjoyment of an interest in land, or of some right over or in connection with it”.


Some common examples of private nuisances in New Zealand might include:

  • excessive noise: such as loud music, machinery, or construction work that disrupts a neighbour's peace and quiet
  • overhanging branches or encroaching structures: trees or buildings on one person's land extending onto another person's property
  • pollution: contaminated runoff from one property affecting the water quality of a neighbouring stream or river; or
  • offensive odours: odours emanating from a nearby factory, landfill, or agricultural operation that impact neighbouring properties.


Whereas trespass to land is confined to intrusions upon land that follow directly upon the defendant’s act, the tort of private nuisance provides a remedy in respect of indirect or consequential interference with land. In addition, while trespass to land is actionable per se without proof of damage, nuisance, as an action on the case, requires proof of actual or imminent harm. Private nuisance is defined as a recurrent or persistent activity or state of affairs causing a substantial and unreasonable interference with the claimant’s land, or with their use or enjoyment of that land.


In order to constitute an actionable nuisance, the interference with the plaintiff’s use and enjoyment of land must be substantial and unreasonable. Almost all human activity involves some risk of harm, discomfort, or annoyance to others, and everyone must put up with a certain level of such interference as a normal and accepted incident of living in an organised society in close proximity to others. The function of the tort of private nuisance is to strike a fair and workable balance between the conflicting claims of neighbouring occupiers of land, “each invoking the privilege to exploit the resources and enjoy the amenities of his property without undue subordination to the reciprocal interest of the other”.


The appropriate balance is struck by reference to the standard of “unreasonableness”. Sometimes, this standard is expressed as a principle of “reasonable user”, which emphasises the right of every occupier to put land to any ordinary and reasonable use, having due regard to the fact that there is a neighbour, and asks whether the defendant has abused or exceeded that right. More often, it is expressed in terms of the neighbour’s right to be free from an unreasonable level of interference with the protected interest in the use and enjoyment of land. The court asks whether the interference suffered exceeds what a normal occupier in the plaintiff’s position could reasonably be expected to tolerate.


The right to the beneficial use and enjoyment of land is an expansive one; therefore, actionable harm takes a wide variety of forms. It may consist of encroachments from the defendant’s land, as where tree branches overhang neighbouring land or tree roots grow into a neighbour’s soil. Physical damage to the land itself, or to plants growing on the land, or to buildings and structures on the land obviously interferes with the occupier’s right to use and enjoy their land and qualifies as actionable harm. Causing an occupier to suffer personal discomfort from smells, smoke, or noise may also constitute an actionable nuisance. Private nuisance covers a wide range of harms, but the key unifying feature of the tort resides in the general kind of harm that is caused rather than any particular class of conduct.


To establish a legal nuisance claim in New Zealand, the following elements generally need to be proven:

  • interference: the activity or condition in question must interfere with the use and enjoyment of the affected property or affect a significant number of people
  • unreasonableness: the interference must be unreasonable, meaning that a reasonable person would find it objectionable or intolerable under the circumstances
  • causation: the defendant's actions or negligence must be the direct cause of the nuisance; and
  • damage or harm: there should be actual harm, loss, or damage suffered by the affected party.


Remedies for nuisances in New Zealand can include:

  • an injunction: court order to stop the offending activity or condition
  • damages: compensation for any harm or loss suffered by the affected party; and/or
  • abatement: the removal or elimination of the nuisance by the responsible party.


If you believe you are experiencing a legal nuisance or are accused of causing one, we advise you to consult with a lawyer who can provide guidance and assistance based on the specific circumstances of your case.


For more information, please contact Brett Vautier, Mitch Singh, Paul McKendrick, or Paul Kim.


26 November 2025
Proposed Plan Change 120: What You Need to Know What is PC120 and why does it matter? Auckland Council has proposed a change to the Auckland Unitary Plan called Plan Change 120 (PC120) . This change is about two main things: Rezoning areas of residential land to allow more housing intensification in and around urban centres and transport hubs. Making communities safer from natural hazards like flooding and landslides. Why is this happening? By way of background, PC78 (Auckland’s former intensification plan change, as required by the National Policy Statement on Urban Development 2020) incorporated the Medium Density Residential Standards that were required at the time. Generally, this allowed three dwellings of up to three storeys to be built on most residential sites without the need for resource consent. In August 2025, the Government amended the Resource Management Act 1991 to allow for greater intensification in town centres and around existing and planned transit routes. As a result, PC78 was withdrawn in part by Auckland Council and PC120 was notified. What will PC120 do? Increase housing density within and around town centres and transport hubs. Allow taller buildings: At least 6 storeys within walkable catchments of the city/town centre zone and around existing and planned train and bus routes. At least 10–15 storeys around certain train stations listed in the Resource Management Act 1991. These heights and densities must be enabled unless a ‘qualifying matter’ applies to a site which makes that level of development inappropriate. Natural hazard rules PC120 also introduces stricter rules to manage natural hazards such as flooding, landslides, and coastal erosion. This is a response to recent severe weather events like the 2023 Auckland floods caused by Cyclone Gabrielle. The updated rules and hazard mapping re-classify hazard areas and their risk level and require mitigation measures to be implemented that avoid creating or worsening natural hazard risks. What does this mean for property owners and developers? Expect more multi-storey and apartment-style housing near town centres and transport hubs, and an increase in shared spaces and communal assets. Intensification may lead to issues concerning: Boundary and airspace rights. View and sunlight obstruction. An increase in easements and restrictive covenants in already built-up areas. New subdivision and land uses may only be allowed where the natural hazard risk is considered tolerable or acceptable. Coastal development will become more difficult. The impact of a proposed development on existing floodplains and overland flow paths will be scrutinized. Maintenance or upgrade works may be required to ensure stormwater runoff and flood waters are adequately conveyed. Why should you care? These changes could affect your property rights, development plans, and legal obligations. If you’re buying, selling, or developing land, it’s important to understand how PC120 impacts you. Please get in touch with our property team if you’d like to discuss how these proposed changes could affect your property or future plans. https://www.glaisterkeegan.co.nz/our-expertise/property#CommercialProperty
26 November 2025
Sole v Hutton – disclosure obligations for apartment sales and the importance of thorough due diligence when purchasing In Sole v Hutton [2025] NZHC 430, the High Court dealt with a dispute over undisclosed weathertightness issues in an apartment complex and delivered a strong reminder about vendors’ disclosure obligations. In 2019, the Purchasers (the Soles) purchased an apartment in Mount Maunganui for $1,495,000. Less than a year after settlement, they discovered major weathertightness issues affecting the entire building. The Body Corporate embarked on an extensive remediation project, and the Purchasers were hit with more than $1,300,000 in special levies for their share of the work. The Court found that the Vendors (the Huttons) had attended Body Corporate meetings in 2014 where multiple expert reports highlighted significant leaks and recommended re-roofing and re-cladding of the building. Despite this, the Vendors told their agent that there were no known weathertightness issues and this information was passed onto the Soles. The Court held that:- · The Vendors breached the warranty in clause 11.2(7) of the Agreement for Sale and Purchase of Real Estate, which requires disclosure of any facts that may give rise to liabilities under the Unit Titles Act 2010; · The failure to disclose the reports and the assurance that there were “no issues” amounted to misrepresentation. The Soles were awarded $926,806.48 plus interest in damages, including their share of remedial costs (after a 30% betterment reduction, as the remedial works increased the value of the property), alternative accommodation and general damages for stress and inconvenience. Key takeaways:- · Vendors : Always disclose all known issues including historic reports and AGM minutes, even if you believe the matter has been dealt with or is no longer significant. · Purchasers : Buying a unit title property comes with shared risk. Ensure you complete thorough due diligence including reviewing all Body Corporate records, reports and minutes to understand potential liabilities and future levies. · Risk management : Non-disclosure can lead to expensive litigation, while thorough due diligence can prevent nasty surprises. Thinking of buying a unit title property? Our property team can guide you through a thorough due diligence process so you have a clear picture of any potential liabilities before you buy. This can save you from unexpected costs and disputes down the track. Selling a unit title property? Full and accurate disclosure is not just a legal requirement, it’s the best protection against expensive claims after settlement. If you’re unsure what must be disclosed or how the warranties in the Agreement for Sale and Purchase apply to your situation, get in touch with our property team. We can help you prepare clear, compliant disclosure statements and minimise the risk of future disputes. https://www.glaisterkeegan.co.nz/our-expertise/property#ResidentialConveyancing
26 November 2025
In a significant move to ease housing pressures, the New Zealand Government has passed legislation allowing homeowners to build granny flats—up to 70 square metres—without needing building consent. This change, part of the Building and Construction (Small Standalone Dwellings) Bill, is expected to take effect in early 2026, following the removal of resource consent requirements by the end of 2025. The exemption applies to standalone dwellings that are simple in design, comply with the Building Code, and are constructed by authorised building professionals. While formal building consent is no longer required, homeowners must still notify their local council before starting and after completing the build. This reform aims to increase housing supply, reduce costs, and boost productivity in the construction sector. It offers practical benefits for multigenerational families, rural communities, and those seeking affordable housing options. For clients considering adding a granny flat to their property, now is the time to begin planning. Engaging qualified designers and builders early will ensure compliance with the exemption criteria and avoid delays once the regulations come into force. https://www.glaisterkeegan.co.nz/our-expertise/property#ResidentialConveyancing
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